Cai Cuihong, "Cyber Governance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Technological Embedding, Human Leadership, and Human–Machine Coordination," Frontiers, No. 13, 2025.

Abstract: Artificial Intelligence is becoming deeply embedded into the global cyberspace governance architecture. With its capacity for high-efficiency data processing and risk detection, AI is transforming key dimensions of governance—ranging from operational effectiveness and actor configurations to procedural dynamics and institutional design. It is essential to recognize that human agency remains indispensable. AI lacks the capacity for normative reasoning and institutional foresight; its legitimacy, transparency, and accountability still hinge on human stewardship. This article argues that the future of global cyberspace governance will be defined by a model of human-AI collaboration: AI systems will provide preliminary detection and response, while humans will retain responsibility for value formulation, rulemaking, and ultimate accountability. The key to such collaborative governance lies in establishing a new paradigm for global cyberspace governance—one that is open, transparent, and accountable—through mechanisms such as structural embedding, co-creation of rules, and shared responsibility.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, cyberspace governance, technological embedding, human primacy, human-AI collaboration